As you probably know CNTK is Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit for deep learning. It is open source library which is used by various Microsoft products. Also the CNTK is powerful library for developing custom ML solutions from various fields with different platforms and languages. What is also so powerful in the CNTK is the way of the implementation. In fact the library is implemented as series of computation graphs, which is fully elaborated into the sequence of steps performed in a deep neural network training.
Each CNTK compute graph is created with set of nodes where each node represents numerical (mathematical) operation. The edges between nodes in the graph represent data flow between operations. Such a representation allows CNTK to schedule computation on the underlying hardware GPU or CPU. The CNTK can dynamically analyze the graphs in order to to optimize both latency and efficient use of resources. The most powerful part of this is the fact thet the CNTK can calculate derivation of any constructed set of operations, which can be used for efficient learning process of the network parameters. The flowing image shows the core architecture of the CNTK.
On the other hand, any operation can be executed on CPU or GPU with minimal code changes. In fact we can implement method which can automatically takes GPU computation if available. The CNTK is the first .NET library which provide .NET developers to develop GPU aware .NET applications.
What this exactly mean is that with this powerful library you can develop complex math computation directly to GPU in .NET using C#, which currently is not possible when using standard .NET library.
For this blog post I will show how to calculate some of basic statistics operations on data set.
Say we have data set with 4 columns (features) and 20 rows (samples). The C# implementation of this 2D array is show on the following code snippet:
static float[][] mData = new float[][] {
new float[] { 5.1f, 3.5f, 1.4f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.9f, 3.0f, 1.4f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.7f, 3.2f, 1.3f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.6f, 3.1f, 1.5f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 6.9f, 3.1f, 4.9f, 1.5f},
new float[] { 5.5f, 2.3f, 4.0f, 1.3f},
new float[] { 6.5f, 2.8f, 4.6f, 1.5f},
new float[] { 5.0f, 3.4f, 1.5f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.4f, 2.9f, 1.4f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.9f, 3.1f, 1.5f, 0.1f},
new float[] { 5.4f, 3.7f, 1.5f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.8f, 3.4f, 1.6f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.8f, 3.0f, 1.4f, 0.1f},
new float[] { 4.3f, 3.0f, 1.1f, 0.1f},
new float[] { 6.5f, 3.0f, 5.8f, 2.2f},
new float[] { 7.6f, 3.0f, 6.6f, 2.1f},
new float[] { 4.9f, 2.5f, 4.5f, 1.7f},
new float[] { 7.3f, 2.9f, 6.3f, 1.8f},
new float[] { 5.7f, 3.8f, 1.7f, 0.3f},
new float[] { 5.1f, 3.8f, 1.5f, 0.3f},};
If you want to play with CNTK and math calculation you need some knowledge from Calculus, as well as vectors, matrix and tensors. Also in CNTK any operation is performed as matrix operation, which may simplify the calculation process for you. In standard way, you have to deal with multidimensional arrays during calculations. As my knowledge currently there is no .NET library which can perform math operation on GPU, which constrains the .NET platform for implementation of high performance applications.
If we want to compute average value, and standard deviation for each column, we can do that with CNTK very easy way. Once we compute those values we can used them for normalizing the data set by computing (Gauss Standardization).
The Gauss standardization is calculated by the flowing term:
![nValue= \frac{X-\nu}{\sigma}]( "nValue= \frac{X-\nu}{\sigma}")
,
where X- is column values, ![\nu]( "\nu")
– column mean, and ![\sigma]( "\sigma")
– standard deviation of the column.
For this example we are going to perform three statistic operations,and the CNTK automatically provides us with ability to compute those values on GPU. This is very important in case you have data set with millions of rows, and computation can be performed in few milliseconds.
Any computation process in CNTK can be achieved in several steps:
1. Read data from external source or in-memory data,
2. Define Value and Variable objects.
3. Define Function for the calculation
4. Perform Evaluation of the function by passing the Variable and Value objects
5. Retrieve the result of the calculation and show the result.
All above steps are implemented in the following implementation:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using CNTK;
namespace DataNormalizationWithCNTK
{
class Program
{
static float[][] mData = new float[][] {
new float[] { 5.1f, 3.5f, 1.4f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.9f, 3.0f, 1.4f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.7f, 3.2f, 1.3f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.6f, 3.1f, 1.5f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 6.9f, 3.1f, 4.9f, 1.5f},
new float[] { 5.5f, 2.3f, 4.0f, 1.3f},
new float[] { 6.5f, 2.8f, 4.6f, 1.5f},
new float[] { 5.0f, 3.4f, 1.5f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.4f, 2.9f, 1.4f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.9f, 3.1f, 1.5f, 0.1f},
new float[] { 5.4f, 3.7f, 1.5f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.8f, 3.4f, 1.6f, 0.2f},
new float[] { 4.8f, 3.0f, 1.4f, 0.1f},
new float[] { 4.3f, 3.0f, 1.1f, 0.1f},
new float[] { 6.5f, 3.0f, 5.8f, 2.2f},
new float[] { 7.6f, 3.0f, 6.6f, 2.1f},
new float[] { 4.9f, 2.5f, 4.5f, 1.7f},
new float[] { 7.3f, 2.9f, 6.3f, 1.8f},
new float[] { 5.7f, 3.8f, 1.7f, 0.3f},
new float[] { 5.1f, 3.8f, 1.5f, 0.3f},};
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//define device where the calculation will executes
var device = DeviceDescriptor.UseDefaultDevice();
//print data to console
Console.WriteLine($"X1,\tX2,\tX3,\tX4");
Console.WriteLine($"-----,\t-----,\t-----,\t-----");
foreach (var row in mData)
{
Console.WriteLine($"{row[0]},\t{row[1]},\t{row[2]},\t{row[3]}");
}
Console.WriteLine($"-----,\t-----,\t-----,\t-----");
//convert data into enumerable list
var data = mData.ToEnumerable<IEnumerable<float>>();
//assign the values
var vData = Value.CreateBatchOfSequences<float>(new int[] {4},data, device);
//create variable to describe the data
var features = Variable.InputVariable(vData.Shape, DataType.Float);
//define mean function for the variable
var mean = CNTKLib.ReduceMean(features, new Axis(2));//Axis(2)- means calculate mean along the third axes which represent 4 features
//map variables and data
var inputDataMap = new Dictionary<Variable, Value>() { { features, vData } };
var meanDataMap = new Dictionary<Variable, Value>() { { mean, null } };
//mean calculation
mean.Evaluate(inputDataMap,meanDataMap,device);
//get result
var meanValues = meanDataMap[mean].GetDenseData<float>(mean);
Console.WriteLine($"");
Console.WriteLine($"Average values for each features x1={meanValues[0][0]},x2={meanValues[0][1]},x3={meanValues[0][2]},x4={meanValues[0][3]}");
//Calculation of standard deviation
var std = calculateStd(features);
var stdDataMap = new Dictionary<Variable, Value>() { { std, null } };
//mean calculation
std.Evaluate(inputDataMap, stdDataMap, device);
//get result
var stdValues = stdDataMap[std].GetDenseData<float>(std);
Console.WriteLine($"");
Console.WriteLine($"STD of features x1={stdValues[0][0]},x2={stdValues[0][1]},x3={stdValues[0][2]},x4={stdValues[0][3]}");
//Once we have mean and std we can calculate Standardized values for the data
var gaussNormalization = CNTKLib.ElementDivide(CNTKLib.Minus(features, mean), std);
var gaussDataMap = new Dictionary<Variable, Value>() { { gaussNormalization, null } };
//mean calculation
gaussNormalization.Evaluate(inputDataMap, gaussDataMap, device);
//get result
var normValues = gaussDataMap[gaussNormalization].GetDenseData<float>(gaussNormalization);
//print data to console
Console.WriteLine($"-------------------------------------------");
Console.WriteLine($"Normalized values for the above data set");
Console.WriteLine($"");
Console.WriteLine($"X1,\tX2,\tX3,\tX4");
Console.WriteLine($"-----,\t-----,\t-----,\t-----");
var row2 = normValues[0];
for (int j = 0; j < 80; j += 4)
{
Console.WriteLine($"{row2[j]},\t{row2[j + 1]},\t{row2[j + 2]},\t{row2[j + 3]}");
}
Console.WriteLine($"-----,\t-----,\t-----,\t-----");
}
private static Function calculateStd(Variable features)
{
var mean = CNTKLib.ReduceMean(features,new Axis(2));
var remainder = CNTKLib.Minus(features, mean);
var squared = CNTKLib.Square(remainder);
//the last dimension indicate the number of samples
var n = new Constant(new NDShape(0), DataType.Float, features.Shape.Dimensions.Last()-1);
var elm = CNTKLib.ElementDivide(squared, n);
var sum = CNTKLib.ReduceSum(elm, new Axis(2));
var stdVal = CNTKLib.Sqrt(sum);
return stdVal;
}
}
public static class ArrayExtensions
{
public static IEnumerable<T> ToEnumerable<T>(this Array target)
{
foreach (var item in target)
yield return (T)item;
}
}
}
The output for the source code above should look like:
![]()