In this post will show how to implement CNTK 106 Tutorial in C#. This tutorial lecture is written in Python and there is no related example in C#. For this reason I decided to translate this very good tutorial into C#. The tutorial can be found at:   and uses function in order to predict time series data. For this problem the Long Short Term Memory, LSTM, Recurrent Neural Network is used.

Goal

The goal of this tutorial is prediction the simulated data of a continuous function ( ). From previous values of the function where is the observed amplitude signal at time , prediction of  values of is going to predict for the corresponding future time points.

The excitement of this tutorial is using the LSTM recurrent neural network which is nicely suited for this kind of problems. As you probably know LSTM is special recurrent neural network which has ability to learn from its experience during the training. More information about this fantastic version of recurrent neural network can be found .

The blog post is divided into several sub-sections:

1. Simulated data part
2. LSTM Network
3. Model training and evaluation

Since the simulated data set is huge, the original tutorial has two running mode which is described by the variable isFast. In case of fast mode, the variable is set to True, and this mode will be used in this tutorial. Later, the reader may change the value to False in order to see much better training model, but the training time will be much longer. The Demo for this this blog post exposes variables of the batch size and iteration number to the user, so the user may defined those numbers as he/she want.

Data generation

In order to generate simulated sin wave data, we are going to implement several helper methods. Let and   be a ordered set of past values and future (desired predicted values) of the sine wave, respectively. The two methods are implemented:

1. generateWaveDataset()

The generateWaveDataset takes the periodic function,set of independent values (which is corresponded the time for this case) and generate the wave function, by providing the time steps and time shift. The method is related to the generate_data() python methods from the original tutorial.

static Dictionary<string, (float[][] train, float[][] valid, float[][] test)> loadWaveDataset(Func<double, double> fun, float[] x0, int timeSteps, int timeShift)
{
    ////fill data
    float[] xsin = new float[x0.Length];//all data
    for (int l = 0; l < x0.Length; l++)
        xsin[l] = (float)fun(x0[l]);


    //split data on training and testing part
    var a = new float[xsin.Length - timeShift];
    var b = new float[xsin.Length - timeShift];

    for (int l = 0; l < xsin.Length; l++)
    {
        //
        if (l < xsin.Length - timeShift) a[l] = xsin[l]; // if (l >= timeShift)
            b[l - timeShift] = xsin[l];
    }

    //make arrays of data
    var a1 = new List<float[]>();
    var b1 = new List<float[]>();
    for (int i = 0; i < a.Length - timeSteps + 1; i++)
    {
        //features
        var row = new float[timeSteps];
        for (int j = 0; j < timeSteps; j++)
            row[j] = a[i + j];
        //create features row
        a1.Add(row);
        //label row
        b1.Add(new float[] { b[i + timeSteps - 1] });
    }

    //split data into train, validation and test data set
    var xxx = splitData(a1.ToArray(), 0.1f, 0.1f);
    var yyy = splitData(b1.ToArray(), 0.1f, 0.1f);


    var retVal = new Dictionary<string, (float[][] train, float[][] valid, float[][] test)>();
    retVal.Add("features", xxx);
    retVal.Add("label", yyy);
    return retVal;
}

Once the data is generated, three datasets should be created: train, validate and test dataset, which are generated by splitting the dataset generated by the above method. The following splitData method splits the original sin wave dataset into three datasets,

static (float[][] train, float[][] valid, float[][] test) splitData(float[][] data, float valSize = 0.1f, float testSize = 0.1f)
{
    //calculate
    var posTest = (int)(data.Length * (1 - testSize));
    var posVal = (int)(posTest * (1 - valSize));

    return (data.Skip(0).Take(posVal).ToArray(), data.Skip(posVal).Take(posTest - posVal).ToArray(), data.Skip(posTest).ToArray());
}

In order to visualize the data, the Windows Forms project is created. Moreover, the ZedGraph .NET class library is used in order to visualize the data. The following picture shows the generated data.

Network modeling

As mentioned on the beginning of the blog post, we are going to create LSTM recurrent neural network, with 1 LSTM cell for each input. We have N inputs and each input is a value in our continuous function. The N outputs from the LSTM are the input into a dense layer that produces a single output. Between LSTM and dense layer we insert a dropout layer that randomly drops 20% of the values coming from the LSTM to prevent overfitting the model to the training dataset. We want use use the dropout layer during training but when using the model to make predictions we don’t want to drop values.

The description above can be illustrated on the following picture:

The implementation of the LSTM can be sumarize in one method, but the real implementation can be viewed in the demo sample which is attached with this blog post.
The following methods implements LSTM network depicted on the image above. The arguments for the method are already defined.

public static Function CreateModel(Variable input, int outDim, int LSTMDim, int cellDim, DeviceDescriptor device, string outputName)
{

    Func<Variable, Function> pastValueRecurrenceHook = (x) => CNTKLib.PastValue(x);

    //creating LSTM cell for each input variable
    Function LSTMFunction = LSTMPComponentWithSelfStabilization<float>(
        input,
        new int[] { LSTMDim },
        new int[] { cellDim },
        pastValueRecurrenceHook,
        pastValueRecurrenceHook,
        device).Item1;

    //after the LSTM sequence is created return the last cell in order to continue generating the network
    Function lastCell = CNTKLib.SequenceLast(LSTMFunction);

    //implement drop out for 10%
    var dropOut = CNTKLib.Dropout(lastCell,0.2, 1);

    //create last dense layer before output
    var outputLayer =  FullyConnectedLinearLayer(dropOut, outDim, device, outputName);

    return outputLayer;
}

Training the network

In order to train the model, the nextBatch() method is implemented that produces batches to feed the training function. Note that because CNTK supports variable sequence length, we must feed the batches as list of sequences. This is a convenience function to generate small batches of data often referred to as minibatch.

private static IEnumerable<(float[] X, float[] Y)> nextBatch(float[][] X, float[][] Y, int mMSize)
{

    float[] asBatch(float[][] data, int start, int count)
    {
        var lst = new List<float>();
        for (int i = start; i < start + count; i++) { if (i >= data.Length)
                break;

            lst.AddRange(data[i]);
        }
        return lst.ToArray();
    }

    for (int i = 0; i <= X.Length - 1; i += mMSize) { var size = X.Length - i; if (size > 0 && size > mMSize)
            size = mMSize;

        var x = asBatch(X, i, size);
        var y = asBatch(Y, i, size);

        yield return (x, y);
    }
}

Note: Since the this tutorial is implemented as WinForms C# project which can visualize training and testing datasets, as well as it  can show the best found model during the training process, there are lot of other implemented methods which are not mentioned here, but can be found in the demo source code attached in this blog post.

Key Insight

When working with LSTM the user should pay attention on the following:

Since LSTM must work with axes with unknown dimensions, the variables should be defined on different way as we could saw in the previous blog posts. So the input and the output variable are initialized with the following code listing:

// build the model
var feature = Variable.InputVariable(new int[] { inDim }, DataType.Float, featuresName, null, false /*isSparse*/);
var label = Variable.InputVariable(new int[] { ouDim }, DataType.Float, labelsName, new List<CNTK.Axis>() { CNTK.Axis.DefaultBatchAxis() }, false);

As specified in the original tutorial: “Specifying the dynamic axes enables the recurrence engine handle the time sequence data in the expected order. Please take time to understand how to work with both static and dynamic axes in CNTK as described “, the dynamic axes is key point in LSTM.
Now the implementation is continue with the defining learning rate, momentum, the learner and the trainer.

 
var lstmModel = LSTMHelper.CreateModel(feature, ouDim, hiDim, cellDim, device, "timeSeriesOutput");

Function trainingLoss = CNTKLib.SquaredError(lstmModel, label, "squarederrorLoss");
Function prediction = CNTKLib.SquaredError(lstmModel, label, "squarederrorEval");


// prepare for training
TrainingParameterScheduleDouble learningRatePerSample = new TrainingParameterScheduleDouble(0.0005, 1);
TrainingParameterScheduleDouble momentumTimeConstant = CNTKLib.MomentumAsTimeConstantSchedule(256);

IList<Learner> parameterLearners = new List<Learner>() {
    Learner.MomentumSGDLearner(lstmModel.Parameters(), learningRatePerSample, momentumTimeConstant, /*unitGainMomentum = */true)  };

//create trainer
var trainer = Trainer.CreateTrainer(lstmModel, trainingLoss, prediction, parameterLearners);

Now the code is ready, and the 10 epochs should return acceptable result:

 
// train the model
for (int i = 1; i <= iteration; i++)
{
    //get the next minibatch amount of data
    foreach (var miniBatchData in nextBatch(featureSet.train, labelSet.train, batchSize))
    {
        var xValues = Value.CreateBatch<float>(new NDShape(1, inDim), miniBatchData.X, device);
        var yValues = Value.CreateBatch<float>(new NDShape(1, ouDim), miniBatchData.Y, device);

        //Combine variables and data in to Dictionary for the training
        var batchData = new Dictionary<Variable, Value>();
        batchData.Add(feature, xValues);
        batchData.Add(label, yValues);

        //train minibarch data
        trainer.TrainMinibatch(batchData, device);
    }

    if (this.InvokeRequired)
    {
        // Execute the same method, but this time on the GUI thread
        this.Invoke(
            new Action(() =>
            {
                //output training process
                progressReport(trainer, lstmModel.Clone(), i, device);
            }
            ));
    }
    else
    {
        //output training process
        progressReport(trainer, lstmModel.Clone(), i, device);

    }             
}

Model Evaluation

Model evaluation is implemented during the training process. In this way we can see the learning process and how the model is getting better and better.

Fore each minibatch the progress method is called which updates the charts for the training and testing data set.

void progressReport(Trainer trainer, Function model, int iteration, DeviceDescriptor device)
{
    textBox3.Text = iteration.ToString();
    textBox4.Text = trainer.PreviousMinibatchLossAverage().ToString();
    progressBar1.Value = iteration;

    reportOnGraphs(trainer, model, iteration, device);
}

private void reportOnGraphs(Trainer trainer, Function model, int i, DeviceDescriptor device)
{
    currentModelEvaluation(trainer, model, i, device);
    currentModelTest(trainer, model, i, device);
}

The following picture shows the training process, where the model evaluation is shown simultaneously, for the training and testing data set.
Also the simulation of the Loss value during the training is simulated as well.

As can be see the blog post extends the original Tutorial with some handy tricks during the training process. Also this demo is good strarting point for development bether tool for LSTM Time Series training. The full source code of this blog post, which shows much more implementation than presented in the blog post can be found .